1. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1911); Page 290; WV Archives Web Site.
William King; age 27; born in Tazewell Co, VA; single; Black; miner; living at Pocahontas, WV; son
of Jack and Mary; married on 28 Jun 1911 at Welch, WV; Frances Peoples; age 40; born in
Lincoln Co, NC; widow; Black; daughter of Jale and Nancy A.
1. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1911); Page 290; WV Archives Web Site.
William King; age 27; born in Tazewell Co, VA; single; Black; miner; living at Pocahontas, WV; son
of Jack and Mary; married on 28 Jun 1911 at Welch, WV; Frances Peoples; age 40; born in
Lincoln Co, NC; widow; Black; daughter of Jale and Nancy A.
1. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1911); Page 301; WV Archives Web Site.
P.H. Keaton; age 27; born in Patrick Co, VA; single; engineer; living at Paragould, AR; son of J.J.
and M.F.; married on 7 Jul 1911 at War, WV; L. Caroline Christian; age 23; born in Tazewell Co,
VA; single; daughter of A.C. and V.B.
1. Ancestry.com Web Site, Elizabeth Whitt search, 18 May 2002, submitted by
Patricia Christian, hannah@netscope.net.
Alonzo Columbus Christian; born on 25 Nov 1866 (sic, 1867) at Sinking
Waters, Tazewell Co, VA; died on 20 Oct 1952 at Welch, McDowell Co, WV;
son of Thomas B. and Elizabeth Whitt Brewster Christian; married first,
Lessia (_______), one child: Myrtle born in 1885: married second, Virginia
Belle Anderson, seven children: Caroline, Ella, Herbert John, Ida, Henry
Graham, Mack Crockett, and Vernon Fredrick Christian. (Caroline is not
listed in the 1900 Census; however, there is a son, Charley Christian listed.
Is there an error here?).
2. Ancestry.com Web Site, Virginia Belle Anderson search, 18 May 2002, submitted
by Jerry Barnette, wbarnett@netscope.net.
Caroline L. Christian; born in 1888 in Tazewell Co, VA; married P.H. Keaton
on 7 Jul 1911 in McDowell Co, WV.
3. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1911); Page 301; WV Archives Web Site.
P.H. Keaton; age 27; born in Patrick Co, VA; single; engineer; living at Paragould, AR; son of J.J.
and M.F.; married on 7 Jul 1911 at War, WV; L. Caroline Christian; age 23; born in Tazewell Co,
VA; single; daughter of A.C. and V.B.
1. 1900 Census, McDowell Co, WV, Browns Creek District, Page 89A, Family 35.
Listed as Benjamin Collins, age 13, born in Dec 1886, in household of father, William Collins.
2. 1910 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Browns Creek District; taken on 3 May 1910; Page 208A;
Family #436/467.
Listed as Benie Collins; age 23; born in WV; single; stationary engineer; in household of brother,
John H. Collins.
3. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1911); Page 304; WV Archives Web Site.
B.F. Collins; age 24; born in McDowell Co, WV; single; electrical engineer; living at Premier, WV;
son of W.M. and Sarah; married on 12 Jul 1911 at Premier, WV; Ella Sizemore; age 16; born in
Louisa, KY; single; daughter of Dave and Belle.
4. McDowell Co, WV; Death Certificate #983; WV Archives Website.
B.F. Collins; age 31; born in WV; married; coal miner; son of unlisted parents; died 27 May 1917 in
Welch Hospital #1, Welch, WV; from accidental fracture of first dorsal vertebra; no burial information.
5. "Welch and Its People"; "Ben F. Collins"; Article; Rose Marino; 1985; Page 15.
"He was born ·in 1887 at Premier the son of William and Amanda Collins. He was born and reared on a farm between Welch and Premier. His . mother was born in 1865 at Bradshaw and received a plaque on Friday, May 16, 1958 at Blakely Field for being the oldest living native born woman at the McOowell Centennial Celebration. She was 90."He was a deputy sheriff of McDowell County many years. May 24, 1917-· he was killed in an autom·obile accident wheri he plunged over an ertbankment at Havaco."
1. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1911); Page 304; WV Archives Web Site.
B.F. Collins; age 24; born in McDowell Co, WV; single; electrical engineer; living at Premier, WV;
son of W.M. and Sarah; married on 12 Jul 1911 at Premier, WV; Ella Sizemore; age 16; born in
Louisa, KY; single; daughter of Dave and Belle.
1. Tennesse Marriage, 1780-2002; Ancestry.com Web Site; Campbell Co, TN; Vol #__(1881); Page 3;
Line 28.
Fredric Rutherford; age 22; born and living in Union Co, TN; farmer; married on 25 Sep 1881 in
District 1, Campbell Co, TN; Nancy Nelson; age 20; born and living in Union Co, TN.
2. Tennesse Marriage, 1780-2002; Ancestry.com Web Site; Anderson Co, TN; Vol #__(1898); Page
86; Line 97.
Fredrick Rutherford; married on 13 Aug 1898 in Anderson Co, TN; Nancy Adkins.
3. 1900 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 5th District; taken 23 & 25 Jun 1900; Page 81A; Image 63 of 69;
Family #612/629.
Listed as Fredrick Rutherford; age 44; born in Sep 1855 in TN; married 3 yrs; day laborer; head of
household.
1. Tennesse Marriage, 1780-2002;Ancestry.com Web Site; Campbell Co, TN; Vol #__(1881); Page 3;
Line 28.
Fredric Rutherford; age 22; born and living in Union Co, TN; farmer; married on 25 Sep 1881 in
District 1, Campbell Co, TN; Nancy Nelson; age 20; born and living in Union Co, TN.
1. 1900 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 5th District; taken 23 & 25 Jun 1900; Page 81A; Image 63 of 69;
Family #612/629.
Listed as John Rutherford; age 10; born in May 1890 in TN; day laborer; in household of father,
Fredrick Rutherford.
1. Union Co, TN; Deylayed Birth Certificate D-338866; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Shirden Rutherford; born 1 Feb 1883 at Loyston, Union Co, TN; son of Fred and Nancy (Nelson)
Rutherford; applied for by Shirden Rutherford, Warer, WV; signed 3 Jul 1947 by Emma Turner,
Notary Public; evidence, Bible of Shirden Rutherford; affidavit of David Rutherford, cousin; and
affidavit of George McCoy; approved 30 Oct 1947
2. 1900 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 5th District; taken 23 & 25 Jun 1900; Page 81A; Image 63 of 69;
Family #612/629.
Listed as Sheridan Rutherford; age 14; born in May 1883 in TN; day laborer; in household of
father,Fredrick Rutherford.
3. Anderson Co, TN; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1906); Certificate #152; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Sheridan Rideford; age 23; married Ervie Disney; 7 Jul 1906 in Anderson Co, TN.
4. 1910 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 14th District; taken on 15 Apr 1910; Page 184A; Image 3 of 21;
Family #29/29.
Listed as Shirdon Rutherford; age 27; born in TN; married once for 3 yrs; coal miner; head of
household.
5. McDowell Co, WV; WW I Draft Registration Card #1419; 12 Sep 1918; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Sheriden Rutherford; age 35; botn 1 Feb 1883; living at War, WV; miner; employed by Johns
Branch Coal Co, War, WV; nearest relative, Ervia Rutherford, wife, War, WV; medium height and
build; blue eyes and light hair.
6. 1920 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; Coalwood; taken on 12 Jan 1920; Page 8A;
Image 14 of 39; Family #111/113.
Listed as S.R. Rutherford; age 37; born in TN; married; coal miner; head of household.
7. 1940 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; War; E.D. 24-12; page 233B; Image 26 of 34;
Household #227.
Listed as Sherdian Ruthford; age 57; born in TN; married; no education; lived in same place on 1
Apr 1935; coal mine forman; head of household.
8. McDowell Co, WV; WW II Draft Registration Card #U-324; 27 Apr 1942; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Shirden Rutherford; age 59; born 1 Feb 1883 in Union Co, TN; living at War, WV; employed by
Gene Poca Caol Co, Warriormine, WV; person who will always know address, Mrs. Irvey Rutherford
wife, War, WV; 5'*' tall; 155 lbs; blue eyes; light hair; ruddy complexion
9. McDowell Co, WV; Death Certificate #'63 002212; WV Archives Web Site via LDS Web Site.
Sheridan Rutherford; age 80; born in Feb 1883 in TN; married; coal miner; SS #236-10-5599;
living at Warriormines, WV; son of Fred and Nancy (Ellison) Rutherford; died 7 Feb 1963 in Grace
Hospital, Welch, WV; from cancer of rectum with metastasis; buried 10 Feb 1963 in Mapelwood
Cemetery, Tazewell, VA.
10. Social Security death Index; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Shirden Rutherford; born 1 Feb 1883; died in Feb 1963; last residence, WV; SS #236-10-5599;
Card issued in WV before 1951.
11. FindAGrave.com Web Site; Maplewood Cemetery, Tazewell, Tazewell Co, VA; submitted by
Because I Care (Mrs S. Marr) 28 May 2008.
Shirden R. Rutherford; born in 1883; died in 1963; husband of Ervie M. Disney Rutherford; buried
here; headstone picture.
1. 1900 Census, Campbell Co, TN; 3rd District; taken 7/8 Jun 1900; Page 197B; Image 8 of 25;
Family #72/74.
Listed as Ervie Disney; age 9; born in Jan 1891 in TN; in household of father, Charles Disney.
2. Anderson Co, TN; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1906); Certificate #152; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Sheridan Rideford; age 23; married Ervie Disney; 7 Jul 1906 in Anderson Co, TN.
3. 1910 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 14th District; taken on 15 Apr 1910; Page 184A; Image 3 of 21;
Family #29/29.
Listed as Maggie E. Rutherford; age 17; born in TN; married once for 3 yrs; 2 children, both living;
in household of husband, Sheridan Rutherford.
4. 1920 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; Coalwood; taken on 12 Jan 1920; Page 8A;
Image 14 of 39; Family #111/113.
Listed as Erva Rutherford; age 28; born in TN; married; in household of husband, Sheridan R.
Rutherford.
5. 1940 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; War; E.D. 24-12; page 233B; Image 26 of 34;
Household #227.
Listed as Ervie Ruthford; age 47; born in TN; married; no education; lived in same place on 1
Apr 1935; in household of husband, Sheridan R. Rutherford.
6. McDowell Co, WV; Death Certificate #'60 010970; WV Archives Web Site.
Irvea Madeline Rutherford; age 70; born 19 Jan 1890 at Lake City, TN; married; living at
Warriormines, WV; daughter of Charlie and Eliza (Hatmaker) Disney; died 18 Jun 1960 in Grace
Hospital, Welch, WV; from arteriosclerosis heart disease with congestive heart failure; buried 21
Jul 1960 in Maplewood Cemetery, Tazewell, VA.
7. FindAGrave.com Web Site; Maplewood Cemetery, Tazewell, Tazewell Co, VA; submitted by
Because I Care (Mrs S. Marr) 28 May 2008.
Ervie M. Disney Rutherford; born in 1891; died in 1960; wife of Sheridan R. Rutherford; buried
here; headstone picture.
1. McDowell Co, WV; Death Certificate #10891 WV Archives Web Site.
Omie Rutherford; female; born 19 May 1922; age 1 yr, 2 mons; 29 days; born in McDowell Co, WV;
daughter of Shred and Erve (Disney) Rutherford; died 3 Sep 1922 of abscess of neck and ear due
scarlett fever; buried 4 Sep 1922 at War, WV. (Age and birthdate do not match)
2. Email from Maggie; 5 Mar 2013.
"MY AUNT OPAL JEAN MARRIED CHESTER RAYE FROM WARRIORMINES.SHE WAS MY
FATHER'S SISTER , I AM THE DAUGHTER OF WALTER S RUTHERFORD. SHE DIED
RECENTLY IN A TAZWELL VA NURSING HOME. MOST OF HER FAMILY HAVE ALL DIED.
ONNIE I DON'T KNOW ABOUT. I REMEMBER MY MOTHER SAYING MY G-MOTHER HAD 3
BABIES TO DIE.WHY IS MY FAMILY BURIED IN TAZWELL, I DON'T KNOW . THERE
WAS A GRAVE YARD ONCE ON COALWOOD MT . I THINK THE BABY WAS THERE AT
ONE TIME. MY FATHER GOT VERY UPSET ABOUT THE ROAD BEING CHANGED AND THE
GRAVES BEING MOVED.I DON'T KNOW ABOUT THE 1930 CENUS..."
1. 1910 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 14th District; taken on 15 Apr 1910; Page 184A; Image 3 of 21;
Family #29/29.
Listed as Robert L. Rutherford; age 11 mons; born in TN; in household of father, Sheridan
Rutherford.
2. 1920 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; Coalwood; taken on 12 Jan 1920; Page 8A;
Image 14 of 39; Family #111/113.
Listed as Robert A. Rutherford; age 11; born in TN; in household of father, Sheridan R.
Rutherford.
3. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1928); Page 394; WV Archives Web Site.
Robert L. Rutherford; age 22; born in Coalcreek (now Lake City), TN; single; miner; living at War,
WV; son of S.R. and Ervin Rutherford; married on 3 Nov 1928 at Welch, WV; Verna Wittaker; age
16; born in McDowell Co, WV; single; daughter of Walter and Mae Whittaker.
4. McDowell Co, WV; Death Certificate #'72 009224; WV Archives Web Site via LDS Web Site.
Robert L. Rutherford; age 63; born Apr 1909 in TN; married; husband of Verna F, Whittaker;
miner; SS #232-14-8392; living at Warriormines, WV; son of Sheridan and Ervie (Disney)
Rutherford; died 7 Jun 1972 in Doctors Memorial Hospital, Welch, WV; from pneumonconiosis
with emphysema and asthma; buried 10 Jun 1972 in Maplewood Cemetery, Tazewell, VA;
informant, Allen Rutherford, Arlington, VA.
5. Social Security Death Index; LDS Web Site.
Robert Rutherford; born 13 Apr 1913; died in Jun 1972; last residence, WV; SS#232-14-8392;
Card issued in NC or WV.
6. FindAGrave.com Web Site; Maplewood Cemetery, Tazewell, Tazewell Co, VA; submitted by
Because I Care (Mrs S. Marr) 28 May 2008.
Robert Lonzo Rutherford; born in 1909; died in 1972; son of Sheridan and Ervie (Disney)
Rutherford; buried here; headstone picture.
1. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1928); Page 394; WV Archives Web Site.
Robert L. Rutherford; age 22; born in Coalcreek (now Lake City), TN; single; miner; living at War,
WV; son of S.R. and Ervin Rutherford; married on 3 Nov 1928 at Welch, WV; Verna Wittaker; age
16; born in McDowell Co, WV; single; daughter of Walter and Mae Whittaker.
2. FindAGrave.com Web Site; Maplewood Cemetery, Tazewell, Tazewell Co, VA; submitted by
Because I Care (Mrs S. Marr) 28 May 2008.
Verna Frances Whittaker Rutherford; born in 1912; died in 1999; wife of Robert Lonzo Rutherford;
buried here; headstone picture.
1. Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007; Ancestry.com Web Site.
"Name: Allen Gray Rutherford [Allen Rutherford]
Gender: Male
Race: White
Birth Date: 12 Jan 1939
Birth Place: War War McDo, West Virginia [War McDowell, West Virginia]
Death Date: 20 Jun 1994
Father: Robert L (sic, A) Rutherford
Mother: Verna F Whittaker
SSN: 232583589
Notes: Sep 1957: Name listed as ALLEN GRAY RUTHERFORD;
Feb: Name listed as ALLEN RUTHERFORD;
29 Jun 1994: Name listed as ALLEN G RUTHERFORD"
1. Tennesse Marriage, 1780-2002; Ancestry.com Web Site; Campbell Co, TN; Vol #__(1881); Page 3;
Line 28.
Fredric Rutherford; age 22; born and living in Union Co, TN; farmer; married on 25 Sep 1881 in
District 1, Campbell Co, TN; Nancy Nelson; age 20; born and living in Union Co, TN.
2. Tennesse Marriage, 1780-2002; Ancestry.com Web Site; Anderson Co, TN; Vol #__(1898); Page
86; Line 97.
Fredrick Rutherford; married on 13 Aug 1898 in Anderson Co, TN; Nancy Adkins.
3. 1900 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 5th District; taken 23 & 25 Jun 1900; Page 81A; Image 63 of 69;
Family #612/629.
Listed as Fredrick Rutherford; age 44; born in Sep 1855 in TN; married 3 yrs; day laborer; head of
household.
1. Tennesse Marriage, 1780-2002; Ancestry.com Web Site; Anderson Co, TN; Vol #__(1898); Page
86; Line 97.
Fredrick Rutherford; married on 13 Aug 1898 in Anderson Co, TN; Nancy Adkins.
2. 1900 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 5th District; taken 23 & 25 Jun 1900; Page 81A; Image 63 of 69;
Family #612/629.
Listed as Nancy A. Rutherford; age about 40; born in TN; married 3 yrs; 3 children, 2 living; in
household of husband, Fredrick Rutherford.
1. 1900 Census, Campbell Co, TN; 3rd District; taken 7/8 Jun 1900; Page 197B; Image 8 of 25;
Family #72/74.
Listed as Charlie Disney; age 51; born in Mar 1849 in TN; married 17 yrs; miner; head of household.
1. 1900 Census, Campbell Co, TN; 3rd District; taken 7/8 Jun 1900; Page 197B; Image 8 of 25;
Family #72/74.
Listed as Louisa Disney; age 43; born in Aug 1856 in TN; married 17 yrs; 4 childre, all living; in
household of husband, Charles Disney.
1. 1900 Census, Campbell Co, TN; 3rd District; taken 7/8 Jun 1900; Page 197B; Image 8 of 25;
Family #72/74.
Listed as Georgie Disney; age 16; born in Apr 1884 in TN; in household of father, Charles Disney.
1. 1900 Census, Campbell Co, TN; 3rd District; taken 7/8 Jun 1900; Page 197B; Image 8 of 25;
Family #72/74.
Listed as Mary Disney; age 12; born in Jun 1887 in TN; in household of father, Charles Disney.
1. 1900 Census, Campbell Co, TN; 3rd District; taken 7/8 Jun 1900; Page 197B; Image 8 of 25;
Family #72/74.
Listed as Eddie Disney; age 11; born in Aug 1898 in TN; in household of father, Charles Disney.
1. 1930 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Adkin District; taken on 4 Apr 1930; Page 18B; Image 10 of 60;
Family #79/80.
Listed as Ted Black; age 28; born in VA; married at 23; loader in coal mine; head of household.
2. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1925); Page 193; WV Archives Web Site.
A.R. Black; age 23; born in Washington Co, VA; single; miner; living at War, WV; son of Alfred and
Martha; married on 2 Jul 1925 at War, WV; Laura May Rutherford; age 18; born in Campbell Co,
TN; single; daughter of S.R. and Erva.
3. 1940 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Browns Creek District; Davy; E.D. 24-36; taken on 18 Apr 1940;
Page 726A; Image 11 of 48; Household #98.
Listed as Ted Black; age 38; born in VA; married; 2nd grade education; lived in same place on 1
Apr 1935; no listed occupation; head of household.
4. McDowell Co, WV; Death Certificate #'70 018723; WV Archives Web Site vis LDS Web Site.
Ted Alfred Roosevelt Black; age 68; born 19 Jan 1902 in VA; married; husband of Ollie Vesta
Salyer; minister and miner; SS #233-14-7278; living at Little Hobard, Welch, WV; son of Alfred
and Mattie (Johnson) Black; died 9 Dec 1970, DOA Doctors Memorial Hospital, Welch, WV; from
an acute coronary thrombosis due to arterioschlerotic heart disease and diabetes; buried 12 Dec
1970 in Covo Cemetery, War, WV; informant, Ollie Vesta Salyers Black.
1. 1910 Census, Anderson Co, TN; 14th District; taken on 15 Apr 1910; Page 184A; Image 3 of 21;
Family #29/29.
Listed as Laura M. Rutherford; age 2; born in TN; in household of father, Sheridan Rutherford.
2. 1920 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; Coalwood; taken on 12 Jan 1920; Page 8A;
Image 14 of 39; Family #111/113.
Listed as Laura M. Rutherford; age 12; born in TN; in household of father, Sheridan R. Rutherford.
3. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1925); Page 193; WV Archives Web Site.
A.R. Black; age 23; born in Washington Co, VA; single; miner; living at War, WV; son of Alfred and
Martha; married on 2 Jul 1925 at War, WV; Laura May Rutherford; age 18; born in Campbell Co,
TN; single; daughter of S.R. and Erva.
4. 1930 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Adkin District; taken on 4 Apr 1930; Page 18B; Image 10 of 60;
Family #79/80.
Listed as Laura Black; age 22; born in TN; married at 17; in household of husband, Ted Black.
1. 1930 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Adkin District; taken on 4 Apr 1930; Page 18B; Image 10 of 60;
Family #79/80.
Listed as Onnie M. Black; age 3 yrs, 11 mons; born in WV; in household of father, Ted Black.
2. 1940 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Browns Creek District; Davy; E.D. 24-36; taken on 18 Apr 1940;
Page 726A; Image 11 of 48; Household #98.
Listed as Oma Black; age 14; born in WV; 5th grade education; attending school; lived in Kimball
McDowell Co, WV on 1 Apr 1935; in household of father, Alfred R. Black.
1. 1910 Census, Martin Co, KY; Emily Creek Precinct; Page 54B; Family #81.
Listed as John Hampton; age 8; born in WV; in household of father, Samuel Hampton.
2. 1920 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; War; taken on 8 Jan 1920; Page 51A;
Family #108.
listed as Johnnie Hampton; age 16; born in WV; in household of father, Samuel Hampton.
3. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1929); Page 104; WV Archives Web Site.
John H. Hampton; age 26; born in McDowell Co, WV; single; miner; living at War, WV; son of
Samuel and Pheobe; married on 4 Jul 1929 at War, WV; Lannis Rutherford; age 21; born in TN;
single; daughter of S.R. and Erba.
4. 1930 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; taken on 3 Apr 1930; Page 152A; Family #23.
Listed as Johnie Hampton; age 28; born in KY; married at 27; in household of father, Samuel
Hampton.
1. 1920 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; Coalwood; taken on 12 Jan 1920; Page 8A;
Image 14 of 39; Family #111/113.
Listed as Lenos Rutherford; age 7; born in TN; in household of father, Sheridan R. Rutherford.
2. McDowell Co, WV; Marriage Records; Vol #__(1929); Page 104; WV Archives Web Site.
John H. Hampton; age 26; born in McDowell Co, WV; single; miner; living at War, WV; son of
Samuel and Pheobe; married on 4 Jul 1929 at War, WV; Lannis Rutherford; age 21; born in TN;
single; daughter of S.R. and Erba.
3. 1930 Census, McDowell Co, WV; Big Creek District; taken on 3 Apr 1930; Page 152A; Family #23.
Listed as Lennis Hampton; age 18; born in KY; married at 17; in household of father-in-law, Samuel
Hampton.
4. Social Security Death Index; Ancestry.com Web Site.
Lennis Hampton; born 13 Mar 1912; died 15 May 1988; last residence, Bowie, Prince Georges Co,
MD; SS #232-52-7861; card issued in NC or WV before 1951.